CIVIL LIABILITY

Study XVII – Civil liability and compulsory insurance of motorists (1935 – 1956)
Study XXXIV – Liability regime of carriers for personal damage caused to passengers (1954 – 1955)
Study XXXIV B – Unification of the law relating to liability of carriers (1973 – 1976)
Study LIII – Civil liability for damage caused by small craft / Pleasure navigation (1977 – 1980)
Study LV – Liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances (1980 – 1986)
Study LXIV – Civil liability connected with the carrying out of dangerous activities (1983)
Study LXXIX – Third party liability for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services (2010 – )

[ This project was conducted in French]

[U.D.P. 1956 – Et/XVII – document sans numéro]

Observations sur les articles de l’Avant-projet de Convention

[U.D.P. 1956 – Et/XVII – document sans numéro]

Observations sur le Rapport de M. von Merkatz présentées par M. le Prof. G.M. Baldi, expert de l’Institut

U.D.P. 1955 – Et/XVII – Doc. 36

Observations de l’Institut sur l’Avant-projet de Rapport de M. von Merkatz sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

U.D.P. 1955 – Et/XVII – Doc. 35

Responsabilité civile et assurance obligatoire des automobilistes. Memorandum à l’usage du Conseil de l’Europe

U.D.P. 1951 – Etude XVII – Automobilistes – Doc. 34(1)

Responsabilité civile et assurance obligatoire des automobilistes. Rapport concernant la révision du Projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

U.D.P. 1950 – Papers XVII – Motorists – Doc. 33

Civil Liability and Compulsory Insurance of Motorists. Memorandum

U.D.P. 1950 – Etude XVII – Automobilistes – Doc. 33

Responsabilité civile et assurance obligatoire des automobilistes. Memorandum

U.D.P. 1948 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 32
Responsabilité civile et assurance obligatoire des automobilistes. Questionnaire

U.D.P. 1940 – Papers XVII – Motorists’ liability and insurance – Doc. 31

International Unification in the Matter of Civil Liability and Compulsory Insurance of Motorists. Preliminary Drafts and Reports

U.D.P. 1940 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité et assurance automobilistes – Doc. 31

Unification internationale en matière de responsabilité civile et d’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes. Avant-projets et Rapports

U.D.P. 1940 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 30

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Loi du Reich du 7 novembre 1939, introduisant l’assurance obligatoire pour les détenteurs de véhicules automobiles et modifiant la loi sur la circulation des automobiles et la loi sur le contrat d’assurance

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 29

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Rapport de la Commission juridique de l’A.I.A.C.R., 24 février 1938, sur 1) l’Avant-projet d’une loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes (Doc. 27) ; 2) l’Avant-projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes (Doc. 28)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 28

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 27

Studienausschuss für die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer. Entwurf Einheitlichen Gesetzes über die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrer

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 27

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet d’une loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité civiles automobilistes – Doc. 26(1)

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Procès-verbaux, quatrième session (Abbazia, 6-9 mai 1937)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 25

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Rapport sur le Projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 24

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Rapport sur le Projet d’une loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité civile automobilistes – Doc. 23

Studienausschuss für die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer. Entwurf Einheitlicher Bestimmungen über die Zwangshaftpflichtversicherung der Kraftfahrer

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 23

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes (document sans numéro en français et allemand)

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Projet de l’Académie de Droit allemand pour un Loi sur l’assurance-responsabilité civile obligatoire des déteneurs de véhicules automobiles / Studienausschuss für die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer. Entwurf der Akademie für Deutsches Recht für ein Gesetz betr. Pflichtversigherung für Kraftfahrzeughalter

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 22

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet d’une loi uniforme sur la responsabilité des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1937 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 21

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Observations et suggestions concernant le projet d’une loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes et le projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes, ainsi que les rapports les accompagnant

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 20

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Rapport sur le projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 19

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Rapport sur le projet d’une loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 18

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Procès-verbaux, troisième session (Rome, 23-26 novembre 1936)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 17(1) [en français et allemand]

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes / Studienausschuss für die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer. Vorentwurf eines einheitlichen Gesetzes über die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 17

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de dispositions uniformes sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 16(2) [en français et allemand]

Studienausschuss für die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer. Vorentwurf eines einheitlichen Gesetzes über die Haftpflicht der Kraftfahrzeugfahrer / Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 16(1)

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

 

[Document de 1936 sans numéro]

Contribution à la création d’une législation nouvelle en matière de circulation automobile (Extrait de l’article de M. le Prof. Ernst Bruck, paru dans la revue « Le Assicurazioni »

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 15

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Résumé des réponses au questionnaire envoyé aux organisations d’assurance, conformément à la résolution N° IX, Doc. N° 12

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 14(1)

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Avant-projet de dispositions sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 14

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Premières lignes d’un Avant-projet de loi uniforme sur l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 13

Etude sur les exceptions dérivant du contrat d’assurance et de la loi sur le contrat d’assurance ayant pour effet de réduire ou de supprimer la couverture sur les dommages

 

[Document de 1936 sans numéro]

Questionnaire envoyé aux organisations d’assurance concernant les systèmes de contrôle des véhicules automobiles, l’assurance obligatoire des véhicules automobiles en service publique, les méthodes pour la formation des primes d’assurance

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 12 bis

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Procès-verbaux, deuxième session (Milan, 27-31 mars 1936)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 12

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Texte des résolutions adoptées par le Comité au cours de la deuxième session en matière d’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes (Milan, 27-31 mars 1936)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 11

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Première lignes d’un Avant-projet de loi uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 10

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Première lignes d’un Avant-projet de loi uniforme (Doc. 7) et modifications proposées par MM. Delaquis et Josserand

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 9

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Questionnaire concernant l’assurance obligatoire des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1936 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité civile des automobilistes – Doc. 8

Assurance obligatoire des automobilistes. Etude préliminaire

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 7

Avant-projet d’une loi internationale uniforme sur la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 6 bis

Comité d’étude pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Procès-verbaux, première session (Rome, 27-30 mai 1935)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 6(1)

Première session du Comité pour la responsabilité civile des automobilistes : Rome, 27-30 mai 1935 – Résumé des résolutions

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 5

Proposition de M. le Prof. Sanchez Roman y Gallifa

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 4

Questionnaire concernant la responsabilité civile des automobilistes

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité automobilistes – Doc. 3

Responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Observations sur l’unification des règles de droit privé se rapportant aux transports internationaux effectués par véhicules-automobiles commerciaux. (Aide-Mémoire élaboré par M. Simon Rundstein, membre du Conseil de Direction de l’Institut, à l’occasion de la Conférence Paneuropéenne sur la circulation routière, convoquée à Genève par la S.d.N. le 16 mars 1931.)

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité civile des automobilistes – Doc. 2

Responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Documents communiqués par l’Association internationale des Automobile-Clubs reconnus

S.d.N. – U.D.P. 1935 – Etude XVII – Responsabilité civile des automobilistes – Doc. 1

Responsabilité civile des automobilistes. Etude préliminaire

[ This project was conducted in French ]

 

U.D.P. 1955 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 6

La responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes. Comité d’études. Procès verbaux de la deuxième session (Rome, 2 – 8 avril 1955)

Pour les travaux préparatoires au Projet de Convention relative au contrat de transport international de voyageurs et de bagages par route (CVR) voir Etude XXXIV A – Transport de voyagers et de bagages par route

U.D.P. 1955 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 5

La responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes. Comité d’études. Rapport résumant les débats par M. G. Caillau, Rapporteur

U.D.P. 1955 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 4

Comité d’étude en matière de responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes, deuxième session (Rome, les 2 – 8 avril 1955) : Note du Président du Comité concernant le plan de travail de la deuxième session

U.D.P. 1955 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 3

La responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes. Note additionnelle sur le transport effectué par plusieurs transporteurs

U.D.P. 1955 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 1(1)

La responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes. Etude préliminaire (2ème édition provisoire)

U.D.P. 1954 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 2

Comité d’études en matière de responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes. Compte-rendu de la première session (Rome, 7 – 14 avril 1954)

U.D.P. 1954 – ET/XXXIV – Doc. 1

La responsabilité du transporteur du chef des dommages subis par les passagers sur leurs personnes. Etude préliminaire

UNIDROIT 1976 – Et. XXIV/B – Doc. 3

Harmonisation des dispositions des conventions internationales relatives au contrat de transport de passagers et de leurs bagages / Harmonisation of the provisions of the international conventions governing the contract of carriage of passengers and their luggage

UNIDROIT 1974 – Et. XXIV/B – Doc. 2 [in French only]

Meeting of the Organisations concerned with the law of transport (Rome, 27 April 1973). Minutes

[UNIDROIT 1973 – Et. XXIV/B – unnumbered]

Meeting of Organisations concerned with the law of transport (Rome, 27 April 1973). Exchange of views on the problems arising from the liability of carriers. Summary of the discussion

UNIDROIT 1973 – Et. XXIV/B – Doc. 1 [in French only]

UNIDROIT – Vth Meeting of the organisations concerned with the unification of law. Note by UNIDROIT on unification in the field of the liability of carriers

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 26

Draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft (adopted by the UNIDROIT Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft at its third session on 26 September 1980) and Explanatory report (prepared by the Secretariat of UNIDROIT)

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 25

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the third session of the Committee held in Rome from 22 to 26 September 1980

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 24

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the United States Yacht Racing Union on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 23

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft submitted by the “Federazione Italian Vela” (FIV)

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 22

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the United Kingdom Royal Yachting Association and the International Yacht Racing Union on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 21

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the Institute of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences of Montevideo on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 20

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the “Deutscher Segler-Verband” on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 19

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the delegation of Norway on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 18

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Revised version of the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft (prepared by the Secretariat of UNIDROIT)

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 17

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the second session of the Committee held in Rome from 22 to 25 January 1980

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 16

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the Finnish Yachting Association on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 15

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the International Yacht Racing Union on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 14

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft submitted by: (a) the International Touring Alliance (AIT); (b) the “Federazione Italiana Vela” (FIV)

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 13

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft submitted by: (a) the Pleasure Navigation International Joint Committee (PNIC); (b) the Österreichischer Automobil-, motorrad-und Touring Club; (c) the Royal Dutch Touring Club

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 12

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the “Federazione italiana motonautica coordinatore diporto” on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 11

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the “Motorboot-Sportverband für Österreich” on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 10

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the Valetta Yacht Club on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 9

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the United Kingdom Royal Yachting Association on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 8

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Observations of the “Koninklijk Nederlands Watersport Verbond” on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LIII – Doc. 7

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Provisional observations of the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany on the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft

UNIDROIT 1979 – Study LIII – Doc. 6

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Revised version of the preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft (prepared by the Secretariat of UNIDROIT)

UNIDROIT 1979 – Study LIII – Doc. 5

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the first session of the Committee held in Rome from 2 to 6 April 1979

UNIDROIT 1979 – Study LIII – Doc. 4 Add. 1

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Working papers distributed during the first session of the Committee. Additional Secretariat memorandum)

UNIDROIT 1979 – Study LIII – Doc. 4

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Working papers distributed during the first session of the Committee

UNIDROIT 1978 – Study LIII – Doc. 3

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules governing small craft. Preliminary draft Convention on civil liability for damage caused by small craft (with explanatory report prepared by the Secretariat of UNIDROIT)

UNIDROIT 1978 – Study LIII – Doc. 2

Restricted Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules on pleasure navigation. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the session held in Rome from 6 to 9 February 1978

UNIDROIT 1977 – Study LIII – Doc. 1

Preliminary report on the preparation of uniform rules on pleasure navigation (prepared by the Secretariat of the Institute)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 80

Explanatory Report on the draft articles for a Convention on civil liability for damage caused during carriage of dangerous goods by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (prepared by the UNIDROIT Secretariat)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 79

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the UNIDROIT Secretariat on the seventh session of the Committee held in Rome from 21 to 29 May 1986

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 78

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Text of the draft articles for a Convention on civil liability for damage caused during carriage of dangerous goods by road, rail and inland navigation vessels approved by the Committee at its seventh session

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 77

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Working papers submitted during the seventh session of the Committee held in Rome from 21 to 29 May 1986

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 76

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations by the Government of Ireland

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 75

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the German Democratic Republic

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 74

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 73

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Comments by the European Council of Chemical Manufacturers’ Federations (CEFIC)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 72

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations by the Council of Bureaux

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 71

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the United Kingdom

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 70

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 69

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations submitted by the International Road Transport Union (IRU)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 68 and Corr.

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the delegation of the German Democratic Republic

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 67

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Note submitted by the International Union of Railways (UIC)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 66

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the Swiss delegation for a regime of joint and several liability of the shipper and the carrier as an alternative to the system of liability provided for in the draft Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 65

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Outstanding questions and proposed amendments relating to the text of the draft articles for a Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels (Secretariat memorandum)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 64

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the ad hoc Joint Meeting of Transport Experts and UNIDROIT Experts engaged in the preparation of Uniform Rules relating to Liability and Compensation for Damage caused during the Carriage over Land of Hazardous Substances (prepared by the Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Europe)

UNIDROIT 1986 – Study LV – Doc. 63 Add. 2

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Replies of Governments and of international organisations to the questionnaire concerning the list of dangerous goods to be annexed to the prospective Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels (Ireland)

UNIDROIT 1985 – Study LV – Doc. 63 Add. 1

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Replies of Governments and of international organisations to the questionnaire concerning the list of dangerous goods to be annexed to the prospective Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels (United Kingdom)

UNIDROIT 1985 – Study LV – Doc. 63

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Replies of Governments and of international organisations to the questionnaire concerning the list of dangerous goods to be annexed to the prospective Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels (Austria, Italy, Morocco, Norway, Switzerland and the International Road Transport Union)

UNIDROIT 1985 – Study LV – Doc. 62

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Memorandum on cancellation of insurance (prepared by the Comité européen des assurances)

UNIDROIT 1985 – Study LV – Doc. 61

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels (Revised version prepared by the Drafting Committee)

UNIDROIT 1985 – Study LV – Doc. 60

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Questionnaire concerning the list of dangerous goods to be annexed to the prospective Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels (prepared by the UNIDROIT Secretariat)

UNIDROIT 1985 – Study LV – Doc. 59

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the question of which substances should be covered by the draft articles for a Convention on Civil Liability for Damage caused during Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland navigation Vessels

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 58

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the UNIDROIT Secretariat on the sixth session of the Committee held in Rome from 22 to 26 October 1984

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 57

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the German Democratic Republic

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 56

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 55

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Discussion paper submitted by the delegation of the Netherlands

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 54

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of the Central Office for International Railway Transport (OCTI)

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 53

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Note submitted by the International Union of Railways (UIC)

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 52

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Extract from the report on the outcome of the IMO International Conference on liability and compensation in connection with the carriage of certain substances by sea

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 51

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposed amendments to the text of the draft articles for a Convention on civil liability for damage caused during carriage of dangerous goods by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (Study LV – Doc. 46) put forward during the second, third, fourth and fifth sessions of the Committee (Compilation prepared by the Secretariat)

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 50

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

UNIDROIT 1984 – Study LV – Doc. 49

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the UNIDROIT Secretariat on the meeting of the informal Working Group of technical and legal experts set up by the Committee at its fifth session

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 48

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Compilation of materials relating to the question of which dangerous goods should be covered by the future Convention

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 47

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Note submitted by Mr S. Frédéricq, President of the Association internationale de droit des assurances (A.I.D.A.) concerning the draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 46

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on civil liability for damage caused during carriage of dangerous goods by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (Revised version prepared by the Secretariat containing the text as it stands at the end of the fifth session of the Committee)

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 45

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the fifth session of the Committee held in Rome from 3 to 7 October 1983

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 44

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the United Kingdom delegation

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 43

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 42

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 41

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels. Proposals and observations of the IRU

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 40

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Memorandum on the possible waiving of any financial limitation of liability under the future Convention (Letter received from the Deputy Secretary-General of the Comité Européen des Assurances)

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 39

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposed amendments to the text of the draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (Study LV – Doc. 38) put forward during the second, third and fourth sessions of the Committee (Compilation prepared by the Secretariat)

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 38

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (Revised version prepared by the Secretariat containing amendments agreed at the second, third and fourth sessions of the Committee)

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 37

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the fourth session of the Committee held in Rome from 21 to 25 March 1983

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 36

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 35

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 28). Proposal by the IRU

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 34

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Information document submitted by the United Kingdom delegation on the position of the United Kingdom as regards limitation of liability, the manner in which insurance is arranged and a requirement of minimum insurance

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 33

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany relating to the preliminary draft Convention

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 32

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Comments by the Government of Finland on the draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage over land of hazardous substances

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LV – Doc. 31

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of the International Labour Office relating to the preliminary draft Convention

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 30

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the Central Office for International Railway Transport (OCTI) relating to the preliminary draft Convention

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 29

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposed amendments to the text of the draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (Study LV – Doc. 8) put forward during the second and third sessions of the Committee

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 28

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage of hazardous substances by road, rail and inland navigation vessels (prepared by the Chairman of the Committee, Mr R. Cleton, (Netherlands) in consultation with the Secretariat of UNIDROIT ) (Revised version containing amendments agreed at the second and third sessions of the Committee)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 27

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the third session of the Committee held in Rome from 18 to 22 October 1982

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 26

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposal by the Finnish delegation relating to the preliminary draft Convention

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 25

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Proposals by the United Kingdom delegation relating to the preliminary draft Convention

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 24

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Amendments proposed by the Delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 23

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Memorandum on liability and insurance in respect of the carriage of dangerous goods by road, rail and inland waterway (prepared by the Comité Européen des Assurances)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 22

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of the Central Office for International Railway Transport (OCTI)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 21

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Note submitted by the International Road Transport Union (IRU)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 20

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Unit of account and revision of the limits of liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage over land of hazardous substances (Secretariat memorandum)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 19

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Note by the Swiss delegation proposing the sketch of a regime providing for the joint and several liability of the shipper and the carrier

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 18

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Amendments to the text of the draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage over land of hazardous substances (Study LV – Doc. 8) as approved by the Committee at its second session and proposals for its amendment put forward at that session

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 17

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation in connexion with the carriage of hazardous and noxious substances by sea (approved by the Legal Committee of IMCO at its forty-seventh session, held in London from 22 to 26 February 1982)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 16

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Text of Alternative I (joint and several liability of the shipowner and the shipper)of the draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation in connexion with the carriage of noxious and hazardous substances by sea submitted tot eh Legal Committee of IMCO at its thirty-seventh session

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 15

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the second session of the Committee held in Rome from 1 to 4 February 1982

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 14

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Working papers submitted during the second session of the Committee

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 13

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Memorandum submitted by the European Council of Chemical Manufacturers’ Federation (CEFIC)

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 12 Add. 2

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of Governments on the UNIDROIT questionnaire submitted to the Economic Commission for Europe regarding technical questions associated with the preparation of the draft articles for the Convention: Federal Republic of Germany, Hungary, Ireland and Switzerland

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 12 Add. 1

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of Governments on the UNIDROIT questionnaire submitted to the Economic Commission for Europe regarding technical questions associated with the preparation of the draft articles for the Convention: Czechoslovakia

UNIDROIT 1982 – Study LV – Doc. 12

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of Governments on the UNIDROIT questionnaire submitted to the Economic Commission for Europe regarding technical questions associated with the preparation of the draft articles for the Convention: Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Poland, Spain and Sweden

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 11

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Communication from the Secretariat of the Economic Commission for Europe regarding technical questions associated with the preparation of the draft articles for the Convention

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 10

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Possible inclusion within the scope of the prospective Convention of the transport of hazardous substances by pipelines (Secretariat memorandum)

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 9

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Consideration by the Governing Council of UNIDROIT at its 60th session (April 1981) of the state of work on the subjects on the Institute’s Work Programme relating to civil liability for damage caused by hazardous cargoes and civil liability connected with the carrying out of dangerous activities

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 8

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Draft articles for a Convention on liability and compensation for damage caused during carriage over land of hazardous substances (prepared by the Chairman of the Committee, Mr R. Cleton, (Netherlands) in consultation with the Secretariat of UNIDROIT

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 7

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations prepared by Mr W. Czapski (Poland) for the International Road Transport Union (IRU) in relation to UNIDROIT’s preliminary study on the feasibility of preparing an international Convention relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 6

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Report of the Secretariat of UNIDROIT on the first session of the Committee held in Rome from 16 to 19 March 1981

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 5

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Observations of the Swiss delegation concerning the question of the desirability of enlarging the terms of reference of the Committee so as to permit it to deal with dangerous activities in general (Item no. 4 on the revised draft agenda of the 1st session)

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 4

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Preliminary remarks of the Central Office for International Railway Transport (OCTI)

UNIDROIT 1981 – Study LV – Doc. 3

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Scope of the terms of reference of the Committee (Secretariat memorandum)

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LV – Doc. 2

Committee of Governmental Experts for the preparation of uniform rules relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage over land of hazardous substances. Questions which might be considered by the Committee at its first session (Secretariat memorandum)

UNIDROIT 1980 – Study LV – Doc. 1

Preliminary study on the feasibility of preparing an international convention relating to liability and compensation for damage caused during the carriage by land of hazardous substances (prepared by the Secretariat of UNIDROIT)

UNIDROIT 1983 – Study LXIV – Doc. 1

Brief comparative law survey of rules relating to civil liability connected with the carrying out of dangerous activities (prepared by the Secretariat of UNIDROIT)

UNIDROIT 2010 – Study LXXIX – Preliminary Study

Informal Consultation Meeting on “Third party liability for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services”. Rome, 22 October 2010. An instrument on third party liability for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services: a preliminary study (prepared by the UNIDROIT Secretariat) – March 2010

 

The Proposal

In 2005, the Governing Council of UNIDROIT was seized of a proposal to examine the possibility of preparing an international instrument for liability resulting from GNSS malfunctioning.

In the years that followed, the proposal was explained in more detail. The positions for and against were illustrated respectively by Professor Sergio Carbone and Dr Hans-Georg Bollweg, both members of the UNIDROIT Governing Council. The UNIDROIT Secretariat subsequently prepared a background document which illustrated the situation as regards the different services available and the work that had already been done by other organisations such as the ICAO.

In essence, according to the proposal

  • a legal regime is needed to balance the economic sustainability required by operators and the adequate compensation that victims of accidents might be entitled to;
  • the proposed instrument should cover all issues of liability, irrespective of the type of application. It should not be limited to aviation;
  • the present regime is inadequate because:

– the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects treats only physical damage;

– the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation: Article 28 relates only to navigation and not to all other areas in which satellites are utilised;

– the relevant rules are inadequate as regards the question of sovereign immunity in the context of the provision of GNSS services by States or State-owned entities; and

– the studies conducted by ICAO have shown that the problem of liability exists and that the solutions given by domestic law are both conflicting and insufficient.

A specific legal regime might include the following:

(a) certification of providers of GNSS Services as “qualified providers”;

(b) channelling of liability to qualified providers;

(c) strict liability for damage resulting from failure or malfunction of GNSS services, subject to a limitation ceiling;

(d) liability limits according to a global limitation per year, per incident or pro capita, with the ceilings possibly set at different levels depending upon the services provided;

(e) supplementary compensation;

(f) a special regime for open services, distinguishing between:

– open services as a free common utility (at user risk) and
– open services for commercial exploitation (subject to the same rules as other GNSS services);

(g) the GNSS operator only subject to qualified providers’ rules when it supplies services in the market-place;

(h) immunities for publicly regulated services in certain circumstances (specific defence or security applications);

(i) measures against unqualified providers and producers of uncertified equipment.

 

Objections raised against the project

The arguments invoked against the proposed project are essentially five:

  • the development of a legal framework to govern the implementation of GNSS has been on the Work Programme of the Legal Committee of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for many years; in particular the issue of liability was examined by the Secretariat Study Group on Legal Aspects of CNS/ATM Systems, which reported to the 33rd ICAO General Assembly in 2001. After several years of not making any progress on this project, in 2007 the 36th ICAO General Assembly downgraded the priority of the project from 1 to 3;
  • with the European Union set to commence GALILEO operations in 2013, there would not be enough time to draft a Convention and secure sufficient ratifications;
  • the only operational commercial navigation system covered would be GALILEO since other systems are military;
  • an international Convention covering only one operational entity would be unique, as it would be an international Convention to cover a regional navigation system, and it remains to be seen if and when other commercial systems might start to compete with GALILEO; and
  • the European Commission is examining the possibility/necessity of preparing a third party liability regulation in this area.

 

The Initial Research conducted by the UNIDROIT Secretariat

At its 88th session (2009), the Governing Council entrusted the Secretariat with the preparation of a detailed feasibility study focusing on gaps in liability resulting from the malfunctioning of satellite-based navigation systems. The findings of that study were that

  • none of the current international rules governing liability for space activities apply to third party liability; and that
  • special liability regimes established by the various international conventions on the carriage of goods or persons have numerous gaps.

Thus,

  • none of the carriage Conventions would apply as such to GNSS failure;
  • existing regimes can present gaps in protection;
  • a number of accidents provoked by GNSS failure or malfunction could fall outside the scope of application of the existing instruments;
  • the transport operator maintains a right of recourse in respect of the GNSS signal provider; and
  • all the instruments provide for a limitation of compensation, leading plaintiffs to potentially be induced to address the GNSS provider directly in order to obtain higher compensation.

In particular:

  • a) it is not entirely clear to what extent a carrier may be exempt from liability for damage ultimately attributable to GNSS failure;
  • b) it is not entirely clear to what extent a claimant that has been compensated within the limits of an existing Convention may sue the provider of a GNSS signal for the amount not compensated by the carrier; and
  • c) it is not entirely clear, in either case, whether the insurer (cargo or carrier) may have direct course of action against the signal provider.

Furthermore,

  • there may be instances of liability that are left uncovered, leading potentially to either

– unlimited liability or no liability at all,

– whilst in other instances liability would be limited to a set amount and no further compensation could be directly or indirectly obtained.

A new instrument on GNSS-related liability could

  • either be superimposed on the existing instruments; or
  • be a supplement to those Conventions for the amount of damage that exceeds their respective liability limits; or
  • be conceived to co-exist with the current carriage Conventions.

 

Possible Approaches

Three possible approaches have been identified by the proponents of the project:

  • A STRICT APPROACH,

– which considers that the current liability regime under domestic law adequately addresses GNSS liability issues; and

– that the development of a universal liability system is neither feasible nor desirable;

  • A BROAD APPROACH,

– which considers that a universal liability system or convention should be worked out; and

  • A MIDDLE GROUND APPROACH,

– which proposes a contractual approach accompanied by a framework agreement containing some uniform rules, including rules on liability;

– in this context some feel common rules should be mandatory for all parties concerned; while

– others lean towards mere recommendations.

 

Meetings

In the course of the preliminary work conducted so far, the UNIDROIT Secretariat has organised a series of informal meetings:

1) An Informal consultation meeting on “Third Party Liability For Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Services” was held on 22 October 2010. The purpose of that meeting was to assess the possible interest in the preparation of an international instrument on third party liability for GNSS Services. The meeting was attended by representatives of the Governments of China, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the Commission of the European Union, as well as by academics and members of the international space communities.

The participants discussed in particular whether an international instrument might, following the example of most liability instruments, set a liability limit which would also help the insurability of satellite activities and cover aspects such as liability channelling, provision for supplementary compensation to guarantee satisfactory recovery of losses and provide criteria for identifying the competent jurisdiction. Whilst expressing differing views on the topic, notably by reason of the legal and political complexities involved, the participants conveyed their general interest in continuing consultations.

The presentations included:

Reflections on the Legal Framework for TPL for GNSS (Prof. Dr. Lesley Jane Smith, LL.M., Leuphana Universität Lüneburg,Weber-Steinhaus & Smith, Bremen);

Policy Aspects of Third Party Liability in Satellite Navigation. Preparing a Roadmap for Europe (Matxalen Sánchez Aranzamendi, Resident Fellow European Space Policy Institute (ESPI))

and

Third-party liability for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) services (UNIDROIT Secretariat) .

2) The second meeting was held on the occasion of the fifth session of the Committee of Governmental Experts for the Preparation of a draft Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Space Assets (Rome, 21-25 February 2011), in the form of a briefing session to inform participants in the session of the basic elements of the proposed project on third party liability for GNSS and to seek their views on its desirability and feasibility. Attendees included members of the delegations of Canada, China, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Also present were representatives of the European Centre for Space Law, the European Space Agency (ESA), the International Bar Association (IBA) and the International Institute of Space Law. At this briefing, Professor Carbone and Mr Walter Vasselli (Finmeccanica, Italy), illustrated the proposal and answered questions from the audience.

 

The presentation by Mr Vasselli was:

A Legal Regime for Third Party Claims Relating to the Malfunctioning of GNSS. Initiatives for new legislation and indications for further developments (Mr Walter Vasselli, Head of Compliance and Regulation, Finmeccanica Legal and Corporate Affairs) .

3) On 11 November 2011, the UNIDROIT Secretariat organised a third informal consultation meeting with representatives of interested Governments, international organisations (both inter-Governmental and non-Governmental), insurance, and industry, with a view to defining the possible scope of a future project and clarifying its essential features.

The programme of the meeting, which was devoted to “Risk Management in GNSS Malfunctioning”, included:

1) a general presentation of the proposal to examine the possibility of preparing an international instrument for liability resulting from GNSS malfunctioning: reasons, why the current system is insufficient (Prof. Anna Masutti, Senior Partner, Studio Legale AS&,T (Rome), and University of Bologna, Italy, member of the team preparing the original proposal made to UNIDROIT),

2) a general presentation of technical data: what can go wrong and what the risks are (Dr Renato Filjar, member of the Council of the Royal Institute of Navigation, and external Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Rijeka, Croatia)

3) a presentation on how the maritime insurers deal with questions of liability for GNSS malfunctioning (Mr David Bolomini, International Group of P&I Clubs)

4) a presentation on risk management: the EUROCONTROL system (Ms Caroline Mantl, Senior Legal Expert, EUROCONTROL)

5) an illustration of a developed system and how it deals with risk management: the GPS. Could the GPS non-liability system apply equally to the other GNSS systems? (Professor Henry Gabriel, Elon University, Greensboro, North Carolina (USA) and member of the UNIDROIT Governing Council)

The meeting closed with a round table discussion on whether the question of liability for GNSS malfunctioning is a European or global problem.

6) Report on the meeting


Carbone S.M. – E. De Maestri, “The Rationale for an International Convention on Third Party Liability for Satellite Navigation Signals”, in: Uniform Law Review, 2009, 38.

Bollweg H.G., “Initial considerations regarding the feasibility of an international Unidroit instrument to cover liability for damage caused by malfunctions in global (navigation) satellite systems”, in: Uniform Law Review, 2008, 917.

UNIDROIT Secretariat, “An instrument on third party liability for damages caused by Global Navigation Satellite System services: a preliminary study”, (Study LXXIX – Preliminary Study (2010), also issued as Document CD(89)7 Add. 1 (2010)).

Mr Vasselli made PowerPoint presentations at both informal meetings, the first entitled “A legal regime for third party claims relating to the malfunctioning of GNSS in Europe. Initiatives for an EU Regulation on civil liability and compensation for damage relating to Galileo and Egnos – indications for research at international level”, the second “A Legal Regime for Third Party Claims Relating to the Malfunctioning of GNSS Initiatives for New Legislation and Indications for Further Developments”.