Over three days between 14 and 16 October 2026, the UNIDROIT Working Group on the Legal Nature of Verified Carbon Credits held its tenth session in Rome and online.
The UNIDROIT Working Group is tasked with producing a soft law instrument in the form of Principles and Commentary to clarify the legal nature of VCCs under private law and help support the scaling of voluntary carbon markets. The draft Principles address VCCs as the subject of proprietary rights and aim to facilitate the trading of VCCs from their creation to retirement or cancellation.
The tenth session of the UNIDROIT Working Group followed a public consultation on the draft instrument. The public consultation, held over ten weeks between July and September 2026, sought to raise awareness about the instrument, encourage broad participation of stakeholders in the final stage of the drafting process, seek feedback on whether the instrument sufficiently addresses the core issues relating to the trade in VCCs, ensure that the instrument is well-suited to application in different contexts and that it provides a balanced legal framework from a commercial and a property law perspective.
In response to the consultation, the Secretariat received 32 submissions, consisting of 476 comments from a wide range of stakeholders including UNIDROIT Member States, academics and think tanks, carbon market participants, and intergovernmental organisations.
At its tenth session, the Working Group discussed and addressed the main issues raised by the consultation, focusing in particular on draft provisions concerning applicable law, illegality, retirement and cancellation, and security rights. The draft instrument will be further iterated on the basis of the feedback received and will be presented to the UNIDROIT Governing Council for final approval in December 2026.
Francisco is a Chair Professor of Law at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. His main fields of expertise are focused on International transactions, cross-border insolvency, international litigation as well as cross-border company law. Francisco has represented the Spanish government as national expert in different international organizations, such as UNIDROIT, UNCITRAL, The Hague Conference or the Counsel of the European Union.
José Angelo Estrella Faria is a Brazilian lawyer and former career staff member of the United Nations, lately (until November 2024) as Principal Legal Officer with the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), where he supervised the work of UNCITRAL on digital economy, insolvency law and negotiable cargo documents. He also acted as secretary of the working group that prepared the UN Convention on the International Effects of Judicial Sales of Ships.
Herbert Kronke, a national of Germany, served as Secretary-General of UNIDROIT from 1998-2008.
Professor Marc-André Renold, Dr. iur., LL.M. (Yale), studied law and the humanities at the Universities of Geneva and Basel in Switzerland and at Yale University in the USA. Professor Renold is the co-holder of the UNESCO Chair on the international law of the protection of cultural heritage at the University of Geneva, which he established in 2012. He also founded its Art-Law Centre of which he was a Director until August 2023, when he was appointed honorary Professor of the University of Geneva.
Vincent Negriis a lawyer and senior researcher at the Institute for Social Sciences of Politic (Institut des Sciences sociales du Politique – UMR 7220), ENS Paris-Saclay.
A graduate of the French ENA (Ecole Nationale d’Administration) and of the
Ana Filipa Vrdoljak is Professor of Law and the UNESCO Chair in International Law and Cultural Heritage. She is co-coordinator of the UNESCO-UNITWIN Network on Culture in Emergencies. She is the author of International Law, Museums and the Return of Cultural Objects (Cambridge University Press, 2006 and 2008, forthcoming 2e 2025) and editor of Oxford Handbook on International Cultural Heritage Law with Francesco Francioni (Oxford University Press 2020), The Cultural Dimension of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2013) and International Law for Common Goods: Normative Perspectives in Human Rights, Culture and Nature with Federico Lenzerini (Hart Publishing, 2014), and Oxford Commentary on the 1970 UNESCO and 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions with Andrzej Jakubowski and Alessandro Chechi (Oxford University Press, 2024).
Vesselina Haralampieva is Head of Sustainable Finance Governance and Regulation and Senior Counsel at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) in London. In this role, she leads a team driving strategic climate change and sustainability policy initiatives and drives legal reforms in sustainable finance, ESG reporting, and energy transition.
Elif Dilek Yilmaz is an Associate Counsel in the Sustainable Finance Governance & Regulation Unit of the Legal Transition Team at European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Her work focuses on strengthening legal, regulatory, and governance frameworks that enable private-sector transition toward sustainability, with a particular emphasis on climate corporate governance, transition planning, sustainable finance taxonomies, and sector-level reforms. She contributes to both policy dialogue and investment-related activities in EBRD economies and is also involved in the development of analytical tools and guidance materials for boards, regulators and policymakers.
Belinda is a senior legal professional with more than 25 years’ experience in law, regulation, policy and negotiation relating to Banking, Trading and Finance across Global Markets, Energy and Sustainable Finance. Previous roles include MD, global head for commodities legal and sustainable financing at Citibank, global head of commodities legal Deutsche Bank AG and private practice Energy and Infrastructure at Hogan Lovells. Belinda now focuses on driving finance towards the goals of the Paris Agreement and mediated negotiation and dispute resolution. She acts as ● legal consultant ● senior advisor to IETA and ● mediator at Mediation1st UK.
Emilia Onyema is an independent arbitrator and a Professor of International Commercial Law at SOAS University of London where she teaches international commercial arbitration, international investment law and commercial law in a global context. She is qualified to practice law in Nigeria, as a Solicitor in England & Wales, and Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators. She convenes the SOAS Arbitration in Africa conference series and leads the SOAS Arbitration in Africa biennial survey research project; she co-authored the African Promise and is the Director of the SOAS Arbitration and Dispute Resolution Centre. Her research interests focus on the development of international arbitration in Africa and the engagement of Africans in international arbitration. She has experience as presiding, co and sole arbitrator, and acts as legal expert witness in international arbitration. She actively publishes and speaks on topics relevant to her research interests. Some of her publications include, International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator’s Contract (Routledge, 2010); Rethinking the Role of African National Courts in Arbitration (Kluwer, 2018), “Reimagining the Framework for resolving Intra-African Commercial Disputes in the Context of the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement”, World Trade Review (2019); and “African Practitioners, International Arbitration, and Inclusivity” (ICCA Congress Series No 21, 2022). In 2024, she received the CPR Institute award for “Outstanding Contribution to Diversity in ADR”, and the African Arbitration Association award for Publication/Speech of the Year for 
María Ignacia Vial Undurraga is Professor of Private International Law at Universidad de los Andes and at the Pontificia Universidad Católica, both of Santiago, Chile. She holds a DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy) degree from King´s College, London. She is a qualified lawyer before the Chilean Supreme Court and a Bachelor of Laws from the Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile. She is also a founder member of ADIPRI, the Chilean Association of Private International Law and co-drafter of the 2020, Bill of the Chilean Act on Private International Law. Likewise, she is an associated member of IHLADI, the Hispano-Portuguese American Institute of International Law. She has been a visiting researcher at the UNIDROIT Institute (Rome) and at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law (Hamburg). She is a member of UNIDROIT´s Governing Council for the 2024-2028 period and Chair of its Working Group on Collaborative Legal Structures for Agricultural Enterprises. Her area of research is focused on Private International Law and, specifically, the law applicable to international contracts, to international precontractual liability, to international matrimonial regimes and to international corporations; besides, she has developed research on sustainability duties in contracts and corporations. She has published several papers in Chilean and foreign legal journals and delivered presentations in national and international academic conferences and seminars.
Camila Villard Duran is an Associate Professor of Law at the ESSCA School of Management in France and a Brazilian lawyer. Her research examines international economic law, the regulation of money and financial systems, digital-asset governance, climate-finance frameworks, and gender equity in economic and legal institutions. She is one of the co-founders of the Institute of Women in Regulation in Brazil, a platform for collaboration and exchange of ideas and experiences among female professionals in regulatory fields.
Jeannette M.E. Tramhel is an international lawyer who is currently Chair of the Sustainable Development Committee for the Centenary of UNIDROIT. She has worked with the legal secretariat of three international organizations, most recently as Senior Legal Consultant with UNIDROIT, prior thereto as Senior Legal Officer with the Organization of American States (OAS), and previously with the United Nations Commission for International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). As a result, she has developed an enriched understanding of the development of private international law, commercial and trade law, which she has applied in the management of technical assistance projects carried out in partnership with States embarking upon legislative implementation and domestic law reform to improve access to credit and simplify business incorporation. She holds an LL.M. from Georgetown University, an LL.B. from Queen’s University in Canada and is a member of the bar in New York and Ontario, Canada. Jeannette has also worked with the Government of Canada, practiced law with a major Canadian firm and taught various courses in international trade and business law.
Lisa DeMarco is a Senior Partner and CEO of Resilient. She is called to the bar in Canada and England and repeatedly recognized as a global expert in climate and energy law with three decades of experience in the sectors. She assists financial institutions, energy companies, innovators, governments, non-governmental organizations, and Indigenous business organizations on domestic and overseas renewable power and energy transition projects, sustainable and climate finance transactions, carbon dioxide removals and carbon capture use and storage, projects and transactions, climate and nature related financial disclosure, corporate climate risk, environmental and social governance (ESG), green bonds, claims, the Paris Agreement, carbon trading (domestic, international, voluntary, and compliance), climate-related compliance and litigation, and sustainable business
Ulrich G. Schroeter is a Professor of Law at the University of Basel (Switzerland). He has published extensively on matters of international trade law and commercial law (in particular the 1980 Vienna Sales Convention (CISG)), Swiss and German contract law, arbitration, treaty law and financial markets regulation. Professor Schroeter is the co-editor of the Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (Oxford University Press, 5th edition 2022, 2,160 pages) and the editor-in-chief of the CISG-online database (www.cisg-online.org). His current research inter alia focusses on the impact of supply chain regulations and of economic sanctions on cross-border trading relations, as well as on the challenges of international commercial law in times of climate change.
Born in 1952 in Germany.High school in Germany and in the United States. Studies in law and French language in Saarbrücken and Geneva; qualification as a German judge in 1981. Post graduate studies in development issues and development law in Geneva and Paris. Licentiate, doctorate and professorship qualification incomparative law at the University of Helsinki.
Lorenzo Cotula is the Head of the Law, Economies and Justice Programme at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), a policy research institute based in the United Kingdom. Lorenzo’s research and policy work cuts across international economic law, natural resource law, environmental law, human rights law and sustainable development. Alongside his role at IIED, Lorenzo was a Visiting Professor at Strathclyde Law School in 2017-2023 and, prior to that, he held visiting affiliations with Warwick and Dundee universities. Before joining IIED in 2002, Lorenzo worked as a research consultant to the Legal Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Lorenzo holds a degree in law (Sapienza University of Rome), an MSc in Development Studies (London School of Economics), a PhD in law (University of Edinburgh) and a PgCert in Sustainable Business (University of Cambridge). 
Prof. Leonardo Fabio Pastorino is Full Professor of Agricultural and Food Law at the University of Verona (since 2021), where he teaches Agri-Food Law; Agri-Environmental Innovation and Sustainability Law; Agricultural Law for Development and Innovation; and Comparative Agri-Food Law. He previously served as Full Professor of Agricultural Law at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences, full-time), where he began his academic career in 1993 and progressed through academic ranks from assistant to associate professor to full professor. He was also Full Professor of Renewable Natural Resources Law at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Faculty of Natural and Museum Sciences).
Dr. Marek Dubovec is the Director of Law Reform Programs at the International Law Institute (ILI). For over 15 years, Marek has been working with UNCITRAL and UNIDROIT to draft conventions, model laws, principles, and guides that assist States in modernizing their commercial law frameworks. He has worked on implementing these standards under projects funded by the World Bank Group, the EBRD, FSD-Kenya, and others. He has assisted countries in Africa (e.g., Kenya), Asia (e.g., the Philippines), Eastern Europe (e.g., Ukraine), the Middle East (e.g., the UAE), and Latin America (e.g., Colombia) with reforms of their frameworks on secured transactions, factoring, warehouse receipts, and related legislation. Marek has authored and co-authored numerous articles and books, including the 2019 Secured Transactions Law Reform in Africa, as well as policy reports, including the 2025 Knowledge Guide on Crop Receipts Finance. Marek is an elected member of the American Law Institute.
Prof. Dr. Cecilia Fresnedo de Aguirre is former professor of Private International Law at the University of the Republic Law School, at the Catholic University of Uruguay Law School, at the Hague Academy of International Law and visiting professor at several universities in different countries. Director of the Post-graduate Centre of the Law School of the University of the Republic. Member and former Director of the Uruguayan Institute of Private International Law, member of the American Private International Law Association (ASADIP), member of the Consultative Board of Private Higher Education appointed by the Ministry of Education and Culture (2002), former and re-elected member of the Inter-American Juridical Committee of the OAS, member of the International Academy of Comparative Law, Associate Member of the Hispanic Portuguese American Filipino Institute of International Law (IHLADI), Associate Member of the Institut de Droit International, member of the Working Group in charge of elaborating a Draft Act on Private International Law (Act Nº 19.920, November 17, 2020), Attorney (1974), Doctor of Law and Social Sciences (1978), University of the Republic, School of Law. Lecturer and/or panellist in more than 120 seminars, conferences, congresses and workshops, including the Congress to celebrate the 75th Anniversary of the founding of UNIDROIT. Author of 26 books and more than 150 articles and chapters in Law Reviews -including the Unif. L. Rev- Rev. dr. unif. – and collective publications in Uruguay and abroad. Global professional experience as consultant and arbitrator.
Etsuko Sugiyama is a Professor of Law at Faculty of Law, Graduate School of Law and School of Law at Hitotsubashi University in Japan.
John Sorabji is an Associate Professor of Law at University College London. His expertise is in civil procedural law and alternative dispute resolution, and he is particularly interested in access to and the delivery of effective civil justice. He is co-founder and co-director of UCL Laws’ Centre for Dispute Resolution. Outside academia, he was previously Deputy Private Secretary to HM King Charles III and before that Principal Legal Adviser to the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales and the Master of the Rolls, where he advised on constitutional issues and judicial governance.
Alexis Mourre, founding partner of Mourre Chessa Le Lay Arbitration – MCL Arbitration, has served as counsel, President of the Tribunal, Co-Arbitrator, Sole Arbitrator or Expert in more than 350 international arbitrations, both ad hoc and before most international arbitral
Diane P. Wood is the Director of The American Law Institute and a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Chicago Law School, where she teaches in the areas of federal civil procedure, antitrust law, and international trade and business. Previously she served on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, serving as Chief Judge from 2013 to 2020.
Dora Neo is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore and the founding Director of the Faculty’s Centre for Banking & Finance Law which she led for some ten years from 2013. She served as an expert in the Working Group on the UNCITRAL-UNIDROIT Model Law on Warehouse Receipts and its Guide to Enactment, is an Advisory Committee Member of the UNIDROIT Asian Transnational Law Centre and a UNIDROIT correspondent for Singapore. Her research interests include global developments in secured transactions law; modernisation of trade finance law; consumer protection in the finance industry and contract law. Her publications include Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia V: Ending and Changing Contracts (co-edited with M Chen-Wishart and S Vogenauer, Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2016); Secured Transactions Law in Asia: Principles, Perspectives and Reform (co-edited with L Gullifer, Hart Publishing, 2021); and Trade Finance: Technology, Innovation and Documentary Credits (co-edited with C Hare, Oxford University Press, 2021). From September to December 2025, she was an Academic Visitor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Cambridge, and concurrently, a Visiting Fellow at Wolfson College, Cambridge. She is a graduate of Oxford University and Harvard Law School and is a non-practicing member of the Bar in England and Wales (Gray’s Inn) and Singapore.
Teresa Rodríguez de las Heras Ballell is the full Professor of Commercial Law at University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.
Dr Iyare Otabor-Olubor is a Senior Lecturer in Commercial Law at Aston University, Birmingham, UK. He is an expert in transnational commercial law, with a particular focus on the reform and modernisation of secured transactions law. His research engages deeply with questions of access to finance in emerging economies, fintech regulation, and he is interested in critical legal research methodologies, including doctrinal and empirical legal approaches. Iyare teaches commercial law and contributes to curriculum development within the law school. He is a Senior Fellow of Advance HE, reflecting his sustained commitment to excellence in teaching and learning. Iyare holds an LLB degree, an LLM in Commercial Law, and a PhD, and he has been called to the Nigerian Bar. He actively supervises doctoral researchers and serves on, and chairs, several committees within his university. He also collaborates with scholars and intergovernmental organisations on projects related to legal development and access to finance.
Professor Garro is Honorary Professor of Law at the University of Buenos Aires and teaches at Columbia University School of Law, where he is Senior Research Scholar at the Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law.
Professor Louise Gullifer KC (hon) FBA is Rouse Ball Professor of English Law at the University of Cambridge, and a fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. She is currently Chair of the Cambridge Law Faculty. She was formerly Professor of Commercial Law at the University of Oxford and held a Fellowship at Harris Manchester College in 2000. She practised at the Bar for a number of years before becoming an academic, and is a Bencher of Gray’s Inn.
Rafael Castillo-Triana is a lawyer and consultant for the leasing industry with more than 40 years of experience in leasing. Experience in litigation, insurance, stock exchange, international banking and management of investment portfolios before 1982, from that year he dedicated his professional efforts to the leasing industry, first as turn-around manager of Leasing Grancolombiana S.A. (today Leasing Bancolombia), and founder and manager of the companies Megaleasing S.A. and Equileasing S.A. between 1987 and 1990. In 1988 he represented the Republic of Colombia in the negotiation, drafting and adoption of the UNIDROIT Convention on International Leasing of Ottawa, Canada, the basis of the laws of countries such as Panama and El Salvador (whose draft law he prepared). In 1990 he opened his legal practice specializing in leasing and in 1997 he was appointed director for Latin America of the global leasing consultancy, The Alta Group.
Lauro Gama Jr. graduated from the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) in 1987 and was admitted in 1988 to the Brazilian Bar. He holds a Masters in International Relations (PUC-Rio, 1992), a LL.M degree in Comparative Law (McGill, 1999), and a Doctorate degree in International Law (Univ. São Paulo, 2004). He is currently Adjunct Professor at the Pontifical Catholic Univ. of Rio (PUC-Rio), where he teaches Private International Law, Contracts and International Commercial Arbitration. He has authored books and articles published in specialized journals. He participated in the working group of the UNIDROIT Principles (2008-2010) and also in the working group of the 2015 Hague Principles. Prof. Gama is member of the CISG Advisory Council. In 2016, Lauro lectured at the Hague Academy of International Law (“The UNIDROIT Principles as the law applicable to commercial contracts”, published in vol. 406 of the Collected Courses). To this date Lauro has acted as counsel and arbitrator in more than 150 cases, under the rules of ICC, LCIA, UNCITRAL and Brazilian arbitral institutions. Mr. Gama served as President of the Brazilian Arbitration Committee (CBAr) from 2013 to 2015, and as a Member of the ICC Court of International Arbitration from 2015 to 2021. He served as member of the Council of the ICC Institute of World Business Law (2019-2015) and currently served as emeritus member. He currently participates of the working group formed by UNIDROIT and the ICC WBL Institute to develop a legal framework for international investment contracts.
Prof. Andrés Jana is a founding partner of Jana & Gil, Dispute Resolution. He serves as Vice President of the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), Chair of Working Group II on Dispute Settlement at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), Member of the Governing Board and Chair of the Judiciary Committee of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), and founding member and part of the governing board of the Latin American Arbitration Association (ALARB).
Hiroo Sono, LL.M., University of Michigan Law School, is Professor of Law at Hokkaido University Law School, Japan. His main fields of research interest are contract law, international commercial law, and harmonization of private law. He has published extensively in Japanese and English in these fields.
Christian Twigg-Flesner LL.B. PCHE Ph.D. (Sheffield) is Professor of Contract and Consumer Law at the University of Warwick. He is also serving as Managing Editor of the Journal of Consumer Policy. Before he joined Warwick, he worked at the University of Hull, latterly as Professor of Commercial Law. He previously worked at the University of Sheffield (2002-4) and Nottingham Trent University (1999-2002). He is a Fellow of the European Law Institute and served as co-reporter/person-with-file for the ELI Guiding Principles and Model Rules on Digital Assistants for Consumer Contracts (2025). His research and teaching interests cover Contract, Consumer and Commercial Law. He has a keen interest in the impact of digitalisation on these fields. He has written many articles, book chapters and books, including Foundations of International Commercial Law (Routledge, 2021). He has been involved in many projects throughout his career, including work in the Research Group on Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group) and the EC Consumer Compendium project (2005), and has co-authored several reports that formed the basis of UK consumer law reform. Currently, his work frequently focuses on the relationship between law and digital technologies, both in respect of Consumer Law and International Commercial Law.
Yesim M. Atamer holds the Chair for Private Law, Commercial Law, European and Comparative Law at University of Zurich, Faculty of Law. Her main areas of research are law of obligations, especially comparative contract law, harmonization of European contract law, law of domestic and international sale of goods, and regulation and contract law. As a scholar of the European Union Jean Monnet program, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Max Planck Society, Swiss Institute of Comparative Law and the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) she has conducted research in Lausanne, Basel, Rome, Munich, Hamburg and Cambridge (USA). In 2007, she received the Distinguished Young Scientist Award from the Turkish Academy of Sciences, and in 2019, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Hamburg. She is elected titular member of the International Academy of Comparative Law, the International Academy of Commercial and Consumer Law, the Science Academy, Turkey, and the Academia Europaea. Atamer became elected member of the CISG Advisory Council in 2013. She is a contributor to the major commentary on the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts edited by Vogenauer (2nd edition Oxford University Press, 2015), the CISG commentary edited by Kröll, Mistelis and Perales Viscasillas (2nd edition, Hart Publishing, 2018) and the CISG commentary edited by Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schroeter (8th edition Beck/Nomos/ Hart Publishing, 2024). She has been active in legal practice as arbitrator and legal expert in national and international disputes.
Giuditta Cordero-Moss, Dr. juris (Oslo), PhD (Moscow), Professor, Oslo University.
Professor Pilar Perales Viscasillas is a Full Professor of Commercial Law at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, currently on leave. She also earned her PhD at the same institution, where she served as Director of the Doctoral School and of the School of Law. She holds a Law degree from the Autonomous University of Madrid. Since 2018, she has been an independent board member of Mapfre S.A., and she also holds positions at Mapfre Global Risks and Mapfre Asistencia, where she serves as Vice Chair of the Board of Directors. She is a member of the Audit Committee and the Risk and Sustainability Committee.
Risham Garg is a Professor of Law (2020) at the National Law University Delhi, India. He also serves as the Executive Director of the Center for Transnational Commercial Law (CTCL) and also of the Centre for Incubation, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE). He is also a Director of NLU Delhi Foundation, the not-for-profit co. and incubation centre promoted by NLUD.
Matthias Lehmann is a professor of Private, Private International and Comparative Law at the University of Vienna. His main interest is the cross-border aspect of banking and financial law, both from a regulatory and from a private law viewpoint. He is regularly a guest professor in various universities, including Sorbonne University, where he teaches a class on the crypto economy. He has been visiting academic at the London School of Economics and Political Science, at Oxford University and at Stanford University, and is regularly invited as a guest professor at various European Universities, including Sorbonne University (France), where he teaches a class on the law and regulation of crypto markets. Matthias is a member of the Council European Law Institute, the American Law Institute, the Academia Europaea and of the Academic Council of the European Banking Institute. He was a member of the European Commission’s Expert Group on Conflict of Laws Regarding Securities and Claims, and has worked with the UK Financial Markets Law Committee. He has been an observer to the UNIDROIT working group, digital assets and private law. Currently, he is a member of the UNIDROIT Working Groups on bank insolvency and verified carbon credits.
Charles W. Mooney, Jr. Charles A. Heimbold, Jr. Professor of Law Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School; J.D. (cum laude) Harvard Law School; B.A. (High Honors) University of Oklahoma; Partner Shearman & Sterling (1981-86). He is a leading legal scholar in the fields of commercial law and bankruptcy law. His book (with the late Steven Harris), Security Interests in Personal Property, is a widely adopted text used in law schools around the United States. Mooney was honored for his contributions to the uniform law process by the Oklahoma City University School of Law. The American College of Commercial Finance Lawyers awarded Mooney the Distinguished Service Award, the Grant Gilmore Award in recognition of superior writing in the field of commercial finance law, and the Harry C. Sigman Special Award for leadership on the 2022 UCC Amendments. Mooney also served as a Co-Reporter for the Drafting Committee for the Revision of UCC Article 9 (Secured Transactions) (1990-2000), as Reporter for the Revision of the UCC (Emerging Technologies, including new Article 12) (2021-22), as the ABA Liaison-Advisor to the Permanent Editorial Board for the UCC, and as a member of Council and Chair of the Committee on UCC of the ABA Business Law Section. He is a Fellow and former Director of the American College of Bankruptcy and American College of Commercial Finance Attorneys, and a member and former director, vice-president, and member of the Executive Committee of the International Insolvency Institute (III). Mooney served as a member of UNIDROIT Working Group on Digital Assets, head of III delegation to UNCITRAL Working Group VI (secured transactions), and as a U.S. Delegate at the Diplomatic Conferences for the UNIDROIT Leasing Convention, Cape Town Convention (Aircraft and MAC Protocols), and Geneva Securities Convention.
Professor Dr. Matthias Haentjens holds the chair for civil law at Leiden University, the Netherlands. He also practices law as advocaat at De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek. He has been a deputy judge in the commercial law division of the Court of Amsterdam from 2019-2025.
Ms. Elsie Addo Awadzi is a Visiting Fellow at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. She is a multi-disciplinary professional with 30 years of professional experience working in various capacities in Africa and internationally. Her experience spans economic governance, international financial institutions, financial services regulation, and crisis management. Until recently, she served as a Deputy Governor of the Bank of Ghana for seven years, where she led major reforms that helped to strengthen the banking system, including navigating it through a systemic banking crisis and a public debt restructuring exercise. Before then, she was Senior Counsel, Financial and Fiscal Law at the IMF, where she worked for six years helping several IMF member countries design and implement effective banking regulatory and crisis management frameworks, and fiscal governance frameworks. Before her IMF role, she held various portfolios in Ghana, including as a Commissioner of Ghana’s Securities & Exchange Commission for six years, where she played a key role in designing policies, rules, surveillance, and enforcement mechanisms for Ghana’s then-nascent capital market. She also consulted extensively for local and foreign businesses, private equity/venture capital funds, public sector clients, and development partners. Her earlier career saw her working in corporate law and a brief stint in bank treasury operations. She holds academic qualifications from Georgetown University Law Center (LL.M with Distinction in International Business & Economic Law 2012); University of Ghana Business School (M.B.A. Finance 2000), the Ghana School of Law (Qualifying Certificate in Law 1995), and the University of Ghana Law Faculty (LL.B 1993).
Dr Ole Böger is a Judge in Banking and Criminal matters at the Hanseatic Court of Appeal (Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht) in Bremen, Germany, and a Lecturer at the University of Bremen. Since 2022, he is a Correspondent of UNIDROIT for Germany. Previously, he has been, amongst others, a Desk Officer at the German Federal Ministry of Justice and for Consumer Protection (2013-2016), a Legal Officer at UNIDROIT working on the Principles of Close-Out Netting (2012-2013) and a research assistant at the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and Comparative Private Law in Hamburg, Germany (2003-2008). He has represented the German government in UNCITRAL Working Groups and at UNIDROIT, specifically in the preparation and adoption of the MAC Protocol to the Cape Town Convention, and he is an Ex officio Observer to the Preparatory Commission for the Establishment of the International Registry for MAC equipment, as well as a member of the Commission of Experts to the Supervisory Authority of the Luxembourg Rail Protocol. Recently, he has been an external consultant to secured transactions law reform projects of the World Bank in Suriname (2016), Greece (2020) and Lebanon (2021). Dr Böger holds law degrees of the University of Göttingen in Germany and King’s College London (UK) and he has authored numerous publications with a focus on international secured transactions law and the law of payment services.
Megumi Hara is Professor of Law at Chuo University, Tokyo, where she teaches property law, contract law, secured transactions, and trust law. Her research focuses on asset-based finance and the conceptual structure of property rights. Before joining Chuo, she taught at Kyushu University and Gakushuin University and has also given courses at the University of Tokyo and Keio University.
Dr Janis Sarra 
Neil B. Cohen, 1901 Distinguished Research Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School, has been a key participant in major domestic and international law reform projects with respect to commercial transactions for over three decades. In the United States, he has served as Reporter for Revised Article 1 of the Uniform Commercial Code and for the American Law Institute’s Restatement of the Law of Suretyship and Guaranty; in honor of his accomplishments as Reporter for the Restatement, he was named as the Institute’s R. Ammi Cutter Reporter. Professor Cohen also was the U.S. Reporter for the recently promulgated Principles of Law for the Data Economy, a joint project of the American Law Institute and the European Law Institute. He has served as Director of Research of the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code since 1998. Internationally, Professor Cohen has long experience in the modernization and harmonization of commercial law. He has served as a member of United States delegation to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law for its work on harmonizing and modernizing the law of secured credit, as a member of the Working Group at the Hague Conference on Private International Law that prepared its Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts and as a member of two current Expert Groups, and as a Working Group member for the work of UNIDROIT in its development of principles for international contracts and for enforcement of claims and for its preparation of the Model Law on Factoring. Since 2009, he has been a member of the United States Department of State’s Advisory Committee on Private International Law. Professor Cohen is a co-author of Farnsworth, Sanger, Cohen, Brooks and Garvin, Contracts: Cases and Materials and of Twerski and Cohen, Choice of Law: Cases and Materials for a Concise Course on Conflict of Laws as well as dozens of other books and articles concerning domestic and international commercial law. Professor Cohen received an S.B. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a J.D. from New York University School of Law, where he was a Root-Tilden Scholar.
Professor Iacopo Donati is the UNIDROIT/Bank of Italy Chair Holder and is mainly responsible for assisting in the Bank Insolvency project. He is Professor of Corporate and Insolvency Law at the University of Siena, and coordinates the research project ‘Pro.Re.Ba.’ (Proportionating rules on bank crisis prevention and management to the case of retail banks), which has received funding from the Italian Ministry of University. He has previously taught corporate law at the University of Venice ‘Ca’ Foscari’, at the University of Florence and at the University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’.
rtered Institute of Arbitrators (London). He further holds a post-graduate diploma in law from the Kenya School of Law. Allan is also a scholar from the Hague Academy of International Law.
Professor of Commercial Law, Carlos III University of Madrid. Currently, Sir Roy Goode Scholar at UNIDROIT, Rome, 2021-2022. Chair of Excellence 2017-2018 at University of Oxford (Uc3m- Santander Program), affiliated to Harris Manchester College. Previously Distinguished Visiting Professor and fellow of a number of Academic Institutions. Arbitrator of Madrid Court of Arbitration. Member of ELI (European Law Institute) Council and Executive Committee. Member of the Expert Group of the European Commission on Liability and New Technologies and member of the Expert Group of the European Observatory of Platform Economy; the International Academy of Commercial and Consumer Law; the expert group of the Inclusive Global Legal Innovation Platform for Online Dispute Resolution – UNCITRAL and Hong Kong Department of Justice. Expert of the UNIDROIT Study Group on the MAC Protocol of the Cape Town Convention on International Interests. Delegate of Spain to UNIDROIT for the adoption of the Protocol, delegate of Spain in Working Group VI of UNCITRAL on secured transactions and in Working Group IV on Electronic Commerce. Member of UNIDROIT Working Groups on Enforcement and Warehouse Receipts.
Marina Schneider is Principal Legal Officer and Treaty Depositary at UNIDROIT. She studied law at the University of Strasbourg (France) and Paris I – Panthéon Sorbonne. She joined the UNIDROIT in 1987 and was involved in the elaboration and French versions of most UNIDROIT instruments since. She is in charge of the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects and of the UNESCO-UNIDROIT Model Provisions on State Ownership of Undiscovered Cultural Objects. She is the author of the Explanatory Report of the 1995 Convention and many articles on the Convention and other international instruments in the field. Ms Schneider is also responsible for the project on private collections and for the UNIDROIT Convention Academic Project (UCAP). She is member of the Board of the International Society for Research on Art and Cultural Heritage Law (ISCHAL).
A Swedish national, Ms Lena Peters grew up in Italy where she attended an English school. In 1978 she took her Juris Kandidatexamen at Stockholm University followed by a Master of Laws from King’s College, London (1979). Since 1985 she has been with UNIDROIT, first as Research Officer, lastly as Principal Legal Officer, her main duties being Secretary to the Working Group for the Preparation of Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Secretary to the Study Group on Franchising, Secretary to the Committee of Governmental Experts on Franchising.She also collaborated on the project for the preparation of the ELI-Unidroit Model European Rules of Civil Procedure. She is currently Managing Editor of the Uniform Law Review and responsible for publications at UNIDROIT.
William Brydie-Watson is an Australian lawyer who specialises in secured transactions law and private international law. Before joining UNIDROIT, William was a government lawyer in the Private International Law and International Arbitration section of the Australian Attorney-General’s Department, where he worked primarily on treaty negotiation and the implementation of private international law treaties in Australia. At UNIDROIT, he is primarily responsible for the implementation of the Mining, Agriculture and Construction (MAC Protocol) to the 2001 Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and the development of a Model Law on Factoring. William also serves as UNIDROIT’s liaison with the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and as manager of the Institute’s Scholarship and Internship Programme. Admitted to practice in New South Wales and the High Court of Australia, he has a Bachelor of Arts (honours), a Bachelor of Laws and a Master of Laws from the Australian National University. William also lectures on International Secured Transactions Law at the Eotvos Lorand Faculty of Law in Budapest.
rofessor Ignacio Tirado was appointed Secretary-General by the Governing Council at its 97th session, and officially took office on 27 August 2018. A national of Spain, Professor Tirado (Commercial, Corporate and Insolvency Law, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Spain) holds a PhD from the Universities of Bologna and Autónoma de Madrid and an LLM from the University of London. Professor Tirado has been a Senior Legal Consultant at the World Bank’s Legal Vice-Presidency and Financial Sector Practice for more than nine years, having also consulted for the IMF on insolvency related matters as well as for the Asian Development Bank on commercial legal reform.